Within the Nineteen Sixties NASA started creating a system of reusable house shuttles to make its work extra environment friendly and to cut back prices. The shuttles may launch like rockets, maneuver in Earth’s orbit, and land like airplanes. In addition they may carry giant satellites to and from orbit.
Like different sorts of transportation, equipment ultimately breaks down, and elements must be changed or mounted. And the cargo being carried to and from Earth must be moved to its ultimate vacation spot. To finish such duties, Spar Aerospace (now a part of MDA Space) of Brampton, Ont., Canada, and the National Research Council in Ottawa developed a robotic arm, the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System. The undertaking was a three way partnership between the U.S. and Canadian governments.
Often called Canadarms, the robotic instruments hooked up to shuttles’ exteriors. They allowed astronauts to deal with and switch instruments, satellites, and different payloads. Inspections of the shuttle and repairs might be accomplished utilizing the robots.
The system was first deployed in 1981 aboard Columbia’s second flight. Canadarm was used for 30 years on 5 shuttles and on the International Space Station.
The robotic arm was devoted on 19 June because the three hundredth IEEE Milestone. The ceremony was held at MDA Area headquarters. The IEEE Toronto Section sponsored the nomination.
“It’s applicable that the three hundredth Milestone is the Canadarm,” says Michael Geselowitz, senior director of the IEEE History and Heritage group. “The expertise spans aerospace, robotics, and computing fields of curiosity. It entails worldwide cooperation between the United States and Canada, and it reveals how IEEE and its members are on the chopping fringe of many frontiers of science and expertise.”
Looking for to collaborate with different nations on the reusable spacecraft, NASA invited Canada to take part in 1969. It took a while for the nation’s officers to find out what expertise it may contribute. They realized of a robotic that loaded and changed spent fuel bundles in Canada’s deuterium uranium nuclear reactors, in keeping with the Milestone webpage. That robotic, developed by DSMA-Atcon (additionally now a part of MDA Area), impressed what would turn out to be the Canadarm.
A proposal was submitted in 1974 to design and construct the Shuttle Distant Manipulator System. The robotic arm would unload the contents of the house shuttle’s payload bay. NASA permitted the undertaking, and improvement started in 1975.
Canada had no house company on the time, so the nation’s Nationwide Analysis Council coordinated the organizations that collaborated on the undertaking. Spar Aerospace led the subcontractor group, which included DMSA-Atcon, CAE, and the Canadian subsidiary of RCA Corp. Engineers from the College of Toronto’s Institute for Aerospace Studies contributed to the undertaking.
Constructing an arm for zero gravity
NASA had strict necessities for the robotic: The arm needed to be light-weight and sufficiently small to suit on the shuttle, as detailed in an article printed by the College of Toronto. It additionally needed to transfer ahead and backward, up and down, left and proper, and rotate alongside three perpendicular axes (referred to as six levels of freedom).
To realize all that, engineer Peter Carlisle Hughes designed the robotic with two shoulder joints, one elbow, and three rotating wrists.
“Every joint had six levels of freedom, and the arm had six hyperlinks in order that it may seize something from any angle and transfer it wherever,” Hughes mentioned within the article. The IEEE life member labored on the Institute for Aerospace Research.
“This milestone is a reminder of the privilege all of us have at MDA Area—as engineers, designers, builders, operators—to construct expertise that shapes historical past.” —Holly Johnson, MDA Area vice chairman
The arm was 50 meters lengthy and weighed 400 kilograms. It was made from supplies that would face up to outer house’s harsh setting: titanium, stainless steel, and graphite epoxy. The arm was so light-weight that it couldn’t help itself underneath Earth’s gravity, so it lay on air bearings on the lab ground at Spar’s Brampton headquarters.
CAE engineers, together with IEEE Life Member David A. Weston, designed the show and management panel in addition to the hand controllers astronauts would use to watch and function the robotic.
As a result of the robotic arm was meant to work in zero gravity, a room that simulated a weightless setting was constructed to check it. A pc-based simulation facility was constructed in Spar’s headquarters to judge its controllability utilizing two simulation fashions, in keeping with the College of Toronto. RIGID, an early computer simulation mannequin, examined each a part of the arm apart from its versatile properties. ASAD, which stood for “all singing, all dancing,” examined the arm’s actions, guaranteeing the joints operated accurately. Each had been created by Hughes and Spar engineer Andrew A. Goldenberg, who’s now a professor emeritus on the College of Toronto.
The ability was additionally used to coach astronauts on the way to use Canadarm.
It took 5 years for the primary Canadarm to be accomplished. In February 1981, it was offered to NASA on the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., and deployed that November.
Raise off into house
Astronaut Stephen Robinson is anchored to a foot restraint on the prolonged Canadarm2 hooked up to the International Space Station throughout an extravehicular exercise he performed in 2005.NASA
The Canadarm was hooked up to the skin of the shuttle. Astronauts had been capable of monitor the arm’s actions by way of a dwell video feed offered by cameras put in on the wrist and elbow joints, in keeping with the Milestone webpage. Utilizing a hand controller and displays positioned within the shuttle’s flight deck, astronauts dealt with and transferred instruments, satellites, and different payloads weighing up 266,000 kilograms utilizing minimal electrical energy.
NASA ordered 4 extra methods. In 2001, Canadarm2 was hooked up to the Worldwide Area Station and used to assist construct the orbiting laboratory. It’s a everlasting a part of the station, nonetheless finishing upkeep duties and shifting provides.
Through the course of the 30-year shuttle program, the arms carried out efficiently and achieved the flight’s mission.
The unique Canadarm took its ultimate flight in July 2011 aboard the Atlantis shuttle.
Celebrating IEEE’s three hundredth Milestone
The IEEE Milestone dedication ceremony was held at MDA Area’s headquarters in Toronto, the place the division that developed the Canadarm was positioned. The occasion introduced collectively IEEE leaders and most of the engineers who helped develop the robotic system. Jill Gostin, the 2026 IEEE president‑elect, gave the opening remarks at the ceremony. She emphasised that the Milestone was not solely celebrating the expertise but in addition “the engineers, builders, programmers, and visionaries who believed expertise may broaden human chance and who dared to push the boundaries of what humanity may obtain past Earth.”
To commemorate the achievement, Holly Johnson, vice chairman of MDA Robotics and Area Operations, and IEEE Life Senior Member David Michelson, chair of the IEEE Communications Society’s Communications History Committee, unveiled a bronze plaque that honored the expertise. Michelson was the Milestone’s proposer.
“This milestone is a reminder of the privilege all of us have at MDA Area—as engineers, designers, builders, operators—to construct expertise that shapes historical past,” Johnson mentioned. “That very same pioneering spirit that drove our group in these early days of house exploration now propels us into a brand new period as we work to construct the infrastructure for the moon and past.”
The plaque, which was positioned at MDA Area headquarters, reads:
In 1981 NASA first deployed a Shuttle Distant Manipulator System aboard the Space Shuttle. Developed by Spar Aerospace (now MDA Area) and the Nationwide Analysis Council of Canada, the Canadarm allowed astronauts to soundly and reliably manipulate and switch heavy payloads outdoors of the Shuttle, and to conduct inspections and repairs. This robotic system performed a key function within the Shuttle and Worldwide Area Station applications, and revolutionized human spaceflight.
Reviewed by the IEEE History Committee and permitted by the IEEE Board of Directors, IEEE Milestones acknowledge excellent technical developments all over the world which might be a minimum of 25 years previous. The Milestone program is run by the IEEE History and Heritage group.
To be taught extra about historic figures in engineering, IEEE Milestones, and IEEE History Middle applications and occasions, take a look at The Institute’s IEEE Tech History collection. IEEE Spectrum additionally covers points of tech history.
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