For a lot of Cubans, the sudden cease of a fan is extra than simply an annoyance on a tropical island; it’s a every day reminder of a vital, nationwide drawback. On a median day, the Cuban authorities can meet solely 50 to 70 % of its nation’s electrical energy wants. On prime of that, Cuba’s complete grid has collapsed 4 instances within the final six months.
The issue stems from years of neglect of Cuba’s power infrastructure, exacerbated by constrained entry to international capital and a failure to adapt to new power choices. In consequence, Cubans are experiencing a big breakdown in primary companies, such because the storage of contemporary merchandise, primary meals preparation, public lighting, and entry to companies. This has pressured residents to take extraordinary measures, like cooking a number of meals directly and dealing by flashlight.
Cuba isn’t simply in an power disaster; the nation’s grid sits on the verge of systemic failure. The Nationwide Electrical System, most of which was constructed after 1959, hasn’t acquired the funding and upkeep it wants for 35 years—a consequence of Cuba’s advanced political and financial historical past. If neglect continues, the island nation can pay the excessive worth of additional financial decline, and elevated social and political instability.
How did my house nation get right here?
Cuba’s Power Infrastructure Disaster
Cuba’s grid infrastructure is so weak that run-of-the-mill problems like transmission line failures and generator journeys are inflicting widespread outages. The surprising shutdown of the Antonio Guiteras oil-fired energy plant began the overall blackout in October 2024. Healthy grids ought to be capable of detect and isolate these sorts of points, and supply backup by built-in redundancies. However Cuba’s previous safety techniques couldn’t detect the faults, and there weren’t sufficient spinning reserves to compensate for the era instability, making restoration unattainable.
Underlying the blackouts are three systemic issues: years of insufficient funding, substandard gasoline, and deferred upkeep. Cuba’s getting older thermal energy vegetation—the spine of the system, almost all of which run on crude oil or gasoline oil—have gotten much less dependable, and should function nicely beneath capability due to gasoline shortages and corrosion. One of many largest, the 330-megawatt Antonio Guiteras plant in Matanzas, usually breaks down as a result of there aren’t sufficient substitute elements to restore it. Different amenities have been hit with hostile occasions, such the 2022 fires on the Lidio Ramón Pérez (Felton) and Máximo Gómez (Mariel) thermal vegetation. Throughout the first 5 months of 2025, solely 34 % of the capability of all of Cuba’s power plants, based mostly on 2023 numbers, was out there on a median every day foundation.
Cuba’s power system additionally suffers from years of reliance on home, poor-quality heavy crude oil, which is corrosive as a result of it’s excessive in sulfur. This has accelerated the damage and tear on boilers, generators, and pipes in Cuba’s energy vegetation, shortening their life spans and inflicting frequent and expensive outages. Cuba has secured a considerable quantity of oil from Venezuela since 2000 by a positive settlement. However Venezuela’s steady financial issues have made this outdoors oil supply much less dependable, with shipments dwindling lately.
To assist compensate for energy deficits, Cuba in 2019 began renting floating thermal energy vegetation from different nations similar to Turkey’s Karpowership. By 2023, eight of those sorts of ships have been floating in Mariel Bay, Havana Bay, and Santiago de Cuba Bay. However their destiny is now simply one other symptom of the disaster. The federal government had bother paying the excessive leasing costs, so the ships’ operators withdrew from Cuba’s waters, taking tons of of megawatts with them.
Cuba’s Renewable Power Choices
Heavy crude oil isn’t Cuba’s solely useful resource; it has a wealth of untapped renewable power choices, together with photo voltaic, wind, and probably sugarcane biomass. However the transition to renewables has progressed slowly and considerably haphazardly, regardless of formidable objectives set by the federal government.
Essential renewable energy projects usually get delayed as a result of bureaucratic hurdles and a scarcity of funding. The instability of the grid makes it tougher to combine large-scale renewable power installations, as they require secure connections to perform successfully. And whereas the nation actively seeks solar energy, it’s overlooking its once-thriving sugar sector, and the biomass and ethanol sources that include it.
The Cuban authorities’s puzzling choice to take a position closely in constructing costly resorts and enhancing tourism infrastructure whereas neglecting crucial grid updates has additionally made the system extra weak. From 2010 and 2024, Cuba spent about 32 % of complete funding on tourism-related infrastructure, and solely 12 % on power infrastructure, in response to Cuba’s Nationwide Statistics Workplace.
Cuba’s financial system is in a poor state as a result of well-established inefficiencies of its financial mannequin and U.S. sanctions that worsened underneath the primary Trump administration and stay largely in place. In consequence, the federal government lacks the required laborious foreign money to import gasoline, purchase the spare elements it wants, entry the newest know-how, and entice important international funding that’s important for upgrading its power infrastructure.
Cuba’s Energy Outages and Rationing Breeds Resentment
The Cuban authorities reacts to its extreme deficit with placing public ceremony. Each morning, often between 7:00 and eight:00, officers brazenly declare the anticipated electricity generation shortfall. Then, provincial leaders throughout the island painstakingly select which of their communities will lose energy and for a way lengthy—on common 19 hours, and a few over 24 hours.
Day by day electrical energy deficits in Cuba have averaged round 1600 MW in 2025, in response to information compiled from every day press releases from Unión Eléctrica (UNE), the state-owned firm liable for Cuba’s electrical energy system, and information shops. Knowledge from Cuba’s 4 latest grid collapses have been excluded.
Blackouts for these “interruptible circuits,” as provincial electrical corporations check with them, are presupposed to rotate based mostly on a schedule. However the precise electrical energy availability nearly all the time falls in need of the plan, so the rotation isn’t carried out as supposed. And with sure companies and companies being prioritized for energy, a disproportionate share of the outages falls on a portion of consumers.
Havana, the capital, will get partly shielded from this, as a result of its political and financial significance. It’s a favoritism that understandably breeds resentment in different areas. However even in Havana, residents on interruptible circuits should cope with a minimum of 4 hours of energy outages day-after-day—a state of affairs that has worsened this 12 months.
In each the town and the countryside, the ability outages and extended uncertainty have altered primary companies, economies, and every day life. Fridges lose their cooling energy, ruining worthwhile meals that was bought at a excessive worth. Companies should shut, leading to misplaced income and productiveness. College students wrestle to review when their cellphone batteries are low, partially as a result of they use their telephones as flashlights. Some medical amenities have backup turbines, however they’re not all the time operational as a result of a scarcity of spare elements. Internet connectivity has grown much less dependable.
Cuba’s Restoration Plans
The Cuban administration has admitted that the state of affairs is extreme and has developed particular recovery plans. These embody investing in thermal plant upkeep, including new capability, including photo voltaic power, and securing gasoline provides from overseas. Nevertheless, progress is gradual and restricted by the identical issues that precipitated the disaster within the first place.
To repair the thermal models, it’s crucial to convey main electrical energy suppliers, similar to Guiteras and Cienfuegos, again to a state the place they’ll function reliably once more. Nevertheless, this technique is akin to patching up a dam that’s falling aside. Lengthy-term enhancements are extra necessary than simply repairs, however they require sources that aren’t at present out there.
There are insurance policies in place that encourage rooftop solar, which individuals generally purchase from different nations. Small photo voltaic parks are additionally being constructed; on the finish of 2024 photo voltaic capability reached 298 MW. Pilot tasks for wind farms are underway.
Angel Rodriguez makes use of a transformer from an previous television to cost a battery in preparation for blackouts at his house within the Bahia neighborhood of Havana on 26 Might 2025.Ramon Espinosa/AP
However improvement lacks scale and velocity. Massive tasks usually wrestle with monetary constraints and insufficient planning. The federal government set a aim of deriving 37 % of Cuba’s power from renewable sources by 2030; to date they’ve reached solely 3 %.
Cuba is actively seeking to associate internationally on power initiatives. Agreements with Russia primarily deal with modernizing current thermal amenities and presumably setting up new ones. Mexico and different allies have additionally helped by sending gasoline provides.
Talks with potential buyers for inexperienced tasks are transferring ahead, however the funding local weather is sort of difficult due to Cuba’s financial mannequin and disaster, its historical past of defaults on funds to international corporations, and U.S. sanctions. In partnership with China, Cuba is constructing as much as 2,000 MW of photo voltaic capability over greater than 92 photo voltaic parks throughout the nation. China already despatched Cuba tools for greater than 100 MW of photo voltaic capability by a unique program. By January 2026, about 1,100 MW of this new capability is anticipated to be operational, in response to the Cuban authorities.
As the first power grid fails, Cubans with sources are taking issues into their very own arms, usually in determined methods. Companies, hospitals, and rich households are putting in gasoline and photo voltaic turbines; the incessant noise from which has develop into a part of the town’s soundscape. Some communities are working collectively to put in photo voltaic and battery techniques. For instance, a farmers’ cooperative in Artemisa powers its processing and irrigation amenities this fashion. These examples present a vital, bottom-up change, however they’re few and much between due to prohibitive upfront prices.
Cuba’s persons are struggling as a result of the power system is being pushed too far. And the great adjustments required for real, long-term restoration are at present past the island’s capabilities. The lights got here again on after every main blackout, however the specter of the subsequent one looms continually.
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